The Impact of Globalization on Immigration Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Globalization on Immigration Essay Globalization could be the outcome of human interaction that came into existence because of the introduction or the prevalence of advanced transportation, means of communication, and recently information technology that facilitates political, economic, as well social coming together. Among the best definitions of globalization, looking at how the International Monetary Fund (IMF) perceives it might give a clear idea what it stands for. According to IMF Globalization is â€Å"the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services, free international capital flows, and more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology. Another source that has a different take on globalization, the International Forum on Globalization defines it as â€Å"the present worldwide drive toward a globalized economic system dominated by supranational corporate trade and banking institutions that are not accountable to democratic processes or national governments. † What is interesting to note here is globalization per se does not have anything to do directly either with immigration or the movement of labor across borders. . Globalization had reached its epoch in the 19th century when there was interaction between European powers, the global European colonies, and lately the U. S. After the Second World War, the advancing of technology had enhanced it. It only takes to go back in history and visit some of the old civilizations such the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty of China the Silk Road had facilitated its commercial activity globally. It is also possible to look at the earlier Muslim traders and explorers that had created a global commercial interaction. The Mongol Empire had also contributed to globalization by making its presence felt in all the areas it was conquering and putting under its control. In recent years, especially after World War Two those who were in charge that include big businesses, politicians, and economists surmise that protectionism was costly and wanted to do something about it. The coming together of such minds helped the coming into the picture of the Breton Woods Conference and in its turn, it was able to usher in establishments that started to operate internationally and received global recognition such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization. This was the outcome of nations agreeing to come up with international trade organizations that will regulate global trade among member nations that have agreed to reduce tariff, as well as to open their market for each other. That was the time when the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) came forward. Its aim was bringing down tariff and trade barriers among member nations, by eliminating or mitigating restrictions on the quantity of imports and subsidies given for home producers, as well to make arrangements with member nations as it is needed, to facilitate the flow of goods and capital across borders (MacGillivray, 2006). Overall, globalization focuses on trade more than the pattern of labor movement, whether it triggers migration or not, and its priority always had been the movement of goods and capital and especially how direct foreign investment could be introduced into a given country and what form it will take. It was also working how to apply existing technologies and new ones and how to integrate them with what is taking place around the world so that the outcome will be beneficial for all involved, without putting anyone at a disadvantage. Eventually, the fact that globalization is not only economical but it also has effect on the social and political sphere of the participating nations was also recognized. There had been also a change in the methods used to measure globalization using the above-mentioned indices such as the size of the flow of goods and capital. The new method introduced to measure a nation’s globalization level requires looking at the flow of the economic activity, the prevalent restrictions and barriers in a given nation, in whatever form they are. The kind of information flow that is permissible, including what kind of business interaction is taking place, and the kind of cultural intermixing that is taking place are also part of the method (Kitching, 2001). What this leads to, as the latest developments attested is to a free trade zone among nations that are in a close proximity, as well as among global trading partners, in spite of their geographical proximity. Advantages cited for such arrangements include, it brings about economical prosperity to those who join hands, could enhance civil liberty, as well as it could introduce an effective resource allocation. The advantage in fact extends into lowering prices, could create more employment, and could introduce higher output, resulting in raising the standard of living of the people in the participating nations. Those who support globalization claim that this kind of laissez-faire arrangement of trade will introduce some kind of economic freedom in the long run by enhancing democratic governance and capitalism, which are at the root of the system of the advanced regions. In addition, the members of such advanced regions would benefit from a much higher material wealth that will come into existence through the process. Numerous advantages had been attained because of globalization in such a way that it had ceased to be only the removal of trade barriers and creating favorable trade conditions among the advanced nations. Developing nations especially in the Americas had been benefited after the introduction of free trade agreements such as North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) that included a developing nation such as Mexico that had seen both advantages and disadvantages because of the introduction of free trade agreement where all barriers on trades had been removed and goods and capital could flow freely among the member countries. There are also Asian countries that had come together under the Association of South Asian Nations (ASEAN) that are among the developing nations benefited from the globalization that they introduced among themselves. There are also many developed countries that are being given preferential treatment by advanced regions by giving them a preferential trade agreement where some of the tariffs could be eliminated or could be reduced allowing these developing nation a better access to the markets of the advanced nations. Such measures alone have brought about changes where they have introduced many improvements. Among the improvements that were brought about through better trade arrangements that enabled the developing nations to export more of their products with minimum tariff or without any tariff into the advanced markets is income inequality, for the obvious reason where now commodities could not only command a better price but there is market for them outside of the usually depressed home market. When the standard of living of people in a given region is improving it is obvious that aspects such as life expectancy and infant mortality could be improved and that is exactly what had happened in most of the developing nations that were taking advantage of the liberalizing and globalizing of trade. Other areas such as democracy, universal suffrage, feminism, literacy, child labor, the use of electricity and other electronic gadgets had gotten a substantial boost because the dwellers of these regions are getting a boost from the economic activity created by globalization. Globalization also has other advantages especially with its latest version where new introductions had surpassed the stage of opening once border for trading partners without any barrier had. Big corporations from the advanced regions had their eyes on the cheap labor of the developing countries for a long time and had started outsourcing work by opening businesses there. That in fact had been the major breakthrough of globalization where an unprecedented level of employments had come into existence in the developing regions even if what they pay is miniscule when compared with what they are paying in their own country of origin or if they have to open business in other much advanced regions. The outsourcing itself had created enough problems in the nations where the jobs are migrating from by taking away good paying jobs abroad. The unionized and highly militant local workers who are demanding higher share of what the businesses are generating remain behind stranded and without equivalent job opportunity, the main reason why many businesses started outsourcing their work to locations where the labor is cheap. Those nations that are allowing these multinationals to open businesses, of course, are creating employment at a very high scale that could transform a given developing region into a high earning workforce. However, not all of these economic activities are without their disadvantages. Some are claiming that such huge economic activities have raised the poverty level, introduced inequality, injustice, and have eroded some traditions in the regions where they are taking place (Colombia University). It is very difficult to substantiate such claims even if it had been obvious that those who are in the countries of origin of the outsourced countries had been at a disadvantage to the point where the only sector that offered them job opportunity was low paying service jobs. Nevertheless, in the countries these jobs are relocating they are a source of new income that was not in existence and a windfall the involved nations cannot bring into existence by their own. The fact that any economic activity will introduce new changes is undeniable and it is possible to look at a handful of new changes that would occur. Other than that, many nations have taken advantage of globalization and have changed their economic and social status permanently while others are struggling to repeat the same feat. Therefore, overall, the recent development in globalization, even if it had availed an unprecedented advantage to those who have the money and the resources and of course, put those who are losing their lucrative well-paying jobs to regions where labor is cheap at a disadvantage, it had been found more beneficial (UOC). Immigration Immigration on the other hand is when people leave the country they were born in and change location outside of their country of origin to live and work, mostly long term. There are various reasons why people choose to immigrate and one of them is economical, although it does not have a direct correlation with globalization. Statistics has it that one-third or close to 190 million people around the world were immigrants in the year 2005. What contributes to immigration could fall into two main categories. The first category is â€Å"pull†, which means there has to be something, somewhere that attracts people and the major catalyst in the pull category is economics where people would like to immigrate somewhere they believe they will get a better chance of finding work. The pull reason cannot be limited to economic reasons even if for the majority of immigrants their main attraction is job opportunity and leading a better life than they have at home, for both themselves and their family members. The â€Å"push† aspect of immigration on the other hand is that there could be certain aspect that would force people to leave the place of their birth to find a new home that will offer them better than what they have at home in a form of employment, business opportunity, finding good health care for themselves as well as their family, good education for themselves and their families and at the same time to get away from political or religious problems at home whey they could have been persecuted. These are the major reasons that are the cause of immigration, as there are minor reasons where immigrants might want to be with their families abroad and the like. Not every country or geographical location is fit for immigration and the best location for immigrants for hundreds of years had been the Americas that did not relent since the discovery of huge landmass in the Americas. Most probably that would be the highest wave of immigration recorded in history, as many people were able to find their way to these regions unobstructed and often the European powers were facilitating their going to these regions every since they had discovered and started controlling these regions. The same is applicable today as the U. S. alone is receiving around one million immigrants on a yearly basis. The only difference is the origin of the immigrants is not only Europe as it used to be when the nations in the Americas started to be established. Currently, immigrants could originate from anywhere in the world. Even if the improved law whose pattern and requirement is constantly changing, still the borders of the U. S. and Canada are open and Canada at least allows up to 200,000 immigrants yearly that could originate from anywhere in the globe and some of them could be investors or entrepreneurs with capital. Mexico, China, India, and Philippines had been the leading countries where the new immigrants are originating from (Asia Pacific). Largely in the U. S. , there are those labeled as illegal immigrants that are in the country mostly to work illegally. Their main source of their origin is South and Central America although the majority of them could be from Mexico where the estimated number of illegal immigrants could reach one and half million. Without accounting for this group, the U. S. population had swollen by 2. 8 million people just between 2004 and 2005 revealing the influx has become worrisome to the U. S. administration that is coming up with various mechanisms to at least curb the number of illegal immigrants from countries such as Mexico. Just to reveal the effect of the influx in one of the western states of the U. S. California, the non-Hispanic whites who were at 80% in the 1970s now had come down to 43% in 2006.

Innovation In David Mc Culloughs The Great Bridge :: essays research papers

ALBERT EINSTEIN once said about the invention of the Atomic Bomb that it was as much a matter of scientific knowledge and astuteness, as it was a call of circumstances and time. The millennial brightness of Albert Einstein, the pressing imminence of war and the determination to succeed of the American government and scientists, are part of the ecology of innovation that surrounded the emergence of nuclear technology, and eventually led to the creation of the atomic bomb and its destructive power. The ecology of innovation not only includes the elements directly related to the emergence of a new technology such as its inventor, or the need it fulfilled, but also includes seemingly unimportant aspects such as the governing politics that allowed it and the conditions that created a need for that technology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  APPLIED TO David McCullough’s book, The Great Bridge, this concept encompasses a whole nation in its drive towards modernization. Preceded by inventions such as the railroad and the telegraph, the second half of the 19th century stands at a time where technology is regarded as a primary option to achieving comfort. Little by little, the realization is made that perhaps nature’s boundaries is not the farthest mankind can go. The middle of the 19th century also opens an era of greater involvement of the government in matters of public interests and an increase of funding as well; The Erie canal build from 1817 to 1825 is a testimony of such an involvement, and an example of the willingness to defy nature with innovation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also, as communications are slowly developed with the emergence of the telegraph and later the telephone, the notion of time and distance become more important than they ever were, and begin to matter in the everyday lives of people. When observed in such an ecology, it is easy to understand how and why the idea of a bridge over the East River, connecting Brooklyn to New York came about at that particular time. Of course as in the example given earlier, the mind at work was a sine qua non condition, and there would most likely not have been any bridge without the mind, or rather the minds of the Roeblings. For this amazing piece of engineering, he was the right mind at the right time. Thomas Kinsella put it in better words in The Brooklyn Eagle, saying: †He spoke our language imperfectly, because he had not the advantage of being born on our soil, but he spoke the genuine language of America at Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Niagara†¦(The Great Bridge p.

A family ritual to strengthen family bonds Essay

As I was answering the Family rituals questionnaire, I felt good as i was somewhat compelled to reminisce the activities which I shared with my family when I was a child. It feels good to see that our family got a high score in the questionnaire. In only proves that we have been quite close as a family. I was only mesmerized as I recalled those moments when we simultaneously scan our old pictures and laugh at the way all of us looked in the past. I also enjoyed recalling the fond memories of our excursions when I was still a child. Personally, I do not want to change that kind of relationship which I had with my family in the past. I would like us to maintain this close relationship we have right now. For me, this is how families are supposed to be. Families are supposed to spend most of the time together so they can be updated with the events happening to one another. In this sense, they will always be available to succor when one among the family members is having some dilemma. In addition to that, the intimacy between them will not be lost; and instead, will only be kindled. That feeling of intimacy will make them more comfortable and more expressive with one another. The ritual that I would like to apply to my family is a unique Islamic tradition called Eid al-Fitr. Eid al-Fitr is being done some time after Ramadan. It is basically a tradition celebrating the success of the recently done Ramadan which is a whole month of blessings and joy. Moreover, Eid al-Fitr is also the extension of these blessings and joy to those who happen to be less fortunate. Every Muslim family must offer some donation of any kind to those who are in need. They do this so the needy can participate in the celebration as well. This is done before the end of the Eid so all the people can be prepared for the jubilation. When the day of the Eid comes, all of the participants will gather outdoors – in mosques – to perform a prayer that is especially for the Eid. Afterwards, the participants will begin to disperse and mingle with one another. They will meet up with their families, friends and other acquaintances to give presents and express their cordial greetings. If they have relatives who are not present and cannot go to the event, they can call them on the hoping and likewise extend their wishes. This event usually lasts for three days to allow the Muslims make the most out of the celebration. The meaning of this ritual is that it can manifest the unity and comradeship among its participants. By extending their warm wishes to other people and giving donations to those who are in need, the participants learn to take care aside from their selves and value other people as well. The act of giving donations can be symbolically interpreted as an act of offering something that sincerely comes from the self. The act is like transcending the self and its own interests in order to extend one’s hands to other people. By applying this ritual with my family, I aim that my family will have a sense of responsibility and learn how to work as a group. Moreover, I can also reinforce family planning. My family will learn that they also have responsibility over other people –their fellowmen – and that all of us must unite for a singular cause. By promoting the behavior of giving donations to the poor and mingling with the family members, the unity of a singular cause is reinforced. As we harbor in mind the need to achieve a singular purpose, we will learn how to work as a group. In the latter process, we will develop a more cohesive bond among ourselves. The part of mingling with other people can only encourage us to commune more deeply with one another and be aware of one another’s experiences. As the ritual will be repetitious, all of its objectives will be recurrently addressed. In addition to that, by mingling with the family members in the course of the ritual, we will realize the importance of family planning. In our family, there are more than ten of us who are siblings and it will surely be harder for us to greet one another while doing the ritual. Lastly, I think that the ritual need not to change as the members of the family grow older. We must only adapt with one another and our family embers – and our oscillating temperaments, tastes and yearnings. The touchstone of the ritual is that we feel the warm company of our family members as we do and enjoy doing things together. In that sense, my two goals can be achieved. We learn that we are responsible for the welfare of our family members and we learn to work collectively in making all of us grow individually as persons and the family as a whole.

American Economy After The Revolution - 2655 Words

American economy after the birth of the republic was by no means simple. In fact, after winning independence from Britain in the Revolutionary War, both the vast size of our country longitudinally and the ever-changing policies of our government caused a wide variance across the nation in how citizens were able to make a living. This was mainly due to a group of factors consisting of: geography, slavery, land acquisition, the Industrial Revolution and the Transportation Revolution. Because of these factors, we can separate the American economy into three different regions: the North, the South, and the West. Before discussing the regional diversification in the American economy in the years after independence, understanding of the amount of change within the country is necessary. In the post-revolutionary era, America changed rapidly, and in huge ways. The Northwest Territory opened for settlement in 1787, creating a huge influx of population due to the fact that under the Proclamation of 1763, settlement had been banned. In response to the vast amount of territory now available for the country, Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance, opening the sale of land by government. The Ordinance also authorized the creation of three to five new states. In addition, we obtained the Louisiana Territory from France, giving us full access to the Mississippi and massive amounts of land for settlement and agriculture. This rid the nation of the looming foreign power that had been soShow MoreRelatedWhat Factors During The Colonial Period Essay1636 Words   |  7 Pagescolonial period led to American colonists declaring independence from the British Empire? Be sure to discuss the economic, political, and cultural aspects of the American Revolution. 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